Virus Papiloma Humano. Un enemigo silencioso en el Ecuador y el mundo.
Palabras clave:
virus, papilomavirus, cáncerSinopsis
PRÓLOGO
El Virus del papiloma humano (en adelante HPV) es una infección de transmisión sexual que, por lo general, afecta mayoritariamente las mucosas orales y genitales, causa crecimiento (conocidas como vegetaciones o verrugas) en piel o membranas mucosas, existiendo más de 200 variedades del virus, siendo causantes de patologías benignas en la mayor parte de pacientes, sin embargo, alguno tipos son los causantes de varios cánceres como cáncer de ano, pene, vagina, vulva u orofaringe, siendo el cáncer cervical el más frecuente, constituyéndose este último en uno de los cánceres más silenciosos, siendo el cuarto tipo de cáncer más frecuente en las mujeres a nivel mundial, por lo que se ha vuelto un problema de salud pública a nivel global.
A pesar de las múltiples patologías causadas por el HPV, en la actualidad existen vacunas para la protección contra las cepas que puedan causar tanto verrugas genitales o cáncer de cuello del útero, aunque en la mayoría de casos el sistema inmunitario vence la infección del virus antes de crear las verrugas. Muchas veces, han transcurrido semanas o meses, incluso años, antes de su aparición y el tipo de verrugas estará determinado por la cepa del virus.
En el caso del cáncer cervical el desarrollo del mismo puede tardar hasta veinte años o más después de una infección por el HPV, siendo muy silencioso los primeros estadios, lo que se puede evidenciar con una prueba de Papanicolaou, por lo que hoy en día es imprescindible la promoción de un adecuado chequeo ginecológico, sobre todo, en mujeres sexualmente activas, en período fértil e incluso posmenopáusicas. Aunque las mujeres mayores de 65 años también pueden hacerse un Papanicolau, éstas pueden dejar de hacerse la prueba si se han obtenido resultados normales en tres pruebas de Papanicolaou seguidas o si se hicieron dos análisis de ADN del virus del papiloma humano y pruebas de Papanicolaou sin resultados anormales.
En cualquier caso, un chequeo y una prueba a tiempo pueden permitir una adecuada pesquisa, instaurando un tratamiento adecuado dependiendo del grado de afectación, que influya de forma positiva en el futuro del individuo, su familia y su entorno. Por ende, este libro describe las principales características del virus y los principales hallazgos en la población ecuatoriana.
Sara Elizabeth Bravo Salinas
Médico especialista en Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria
Máster en Atención de pacientes con VIH
Especialista en Docencia Universitaria
Universidad Católica de Cuenca
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